Inclusion Models

A working definition of inclusion: Providing to all students, including those with significant disabilities, equitable opportunities to receive effective educational services, with needed supplementary aids and support services, in age-appropriate classes in their neighborhood schools, in order to prepare students for productive lives as full members of society. The Individuals with Disabilites Act (IDEA) provides that all children receive an appropriate education in the least restrictive environment. Because each child has unique educational needs and each school has a unique set of available resources, the least restrictive setting will vary child to child and school to school.

Families often assume that special education always means children are removed from the general classroom and attend a contained educational setting. In fact, families often face choosing between an inclusion model (remaining in the general classroom) or a contained classroom and must weigh the pros and cons of each setting. Sometimes children use both settings, using a resource room or other supports for portions of the day.

Inclusion in a general classroom provides for social interaction with peers and peer models. From a transition standpoint, it replicates the model of optimal societal inclusion. Every child might be educated in a general classroom if adequate supports were available, but for a significant number of children it is not realistic. The balance between the benefits of full inclusion, the necessity of attaining specific goals, and the availability of resources must be evaluated.

The following steps may be helpful in negotiating the optimal school setting (suggested primary care clinicians role in italics):

If parents don't understand the special education system, they cannot optimally problem solve with the school. Consider referral to a parent network such as the Utah Parent Center.
Encourage the family to maintain a collaborative working relationship with the school system, as opposed to viewing the school as "the bad guy."
Parents should be encouraged to explore their options including observing and visiting the various educational settings.
Parents should work with the child's current therapists/educators/and care providers to ensure optimal inclusion. The clinician can help identify current goals and the types of supports that will be needed to maintain safety, hygiene, and general health.
When the setting recommended by the school is in conflict with the parent's wishes, unique problem solving may be necessary. Peer tutors or volunteer staff might be used to better include the child in a general classroom in a school with limited resources or periods of inclusion may be identified to increase peer interaction for the child in a contained classroom. Clinicians can encourage parents to talk with other parents, visit websites, seek help from support groups and/or obtain an educational consult to identify workable solutions.
Limitations in staffing and varying philosophies about the use of one-on-one full time aids often lead to conflict between family and school systems. Clinicians should help the family weigh all factors carefully and encourage them to work though the school. Guard against offering dogmatic statements about the need for a one-on-one aid.
Private therapies or outside tutoring can be used to focus on specific academic goals when the family desires to focus more on inclusion at school. The clinician should help the family identify these specific goals, available funding, and prescription of appropriate therapies.
When communication breaks down, appeals and legal representation may be necessary. The clinician can refer the parents to appropriate agencies.

Resources

Information & Support

For Professionals

Educational Needs for CSHCN ( PDF Document 174 KB)
Medical Home Newsletter about special education and Section 504; October 2003.

For Parents and Patients

Disability Law Center
A private non-profit organization designated by the Governor to protect the rights of people with disabilities in Utah. Mission: To enforce and strengthen laws that protect the opportunities, choices and legal rights of people with disabilities in Utah.

Transitioning to Adulthood for Youth and Young Adults ( PDF Document 82 KB)
View format brochure for youth and young adults with special health care needs as they prepare to transition to adulthood.

A Guide to the Individualized Education Program
Information about special education and IEPs from the U.S. Department of Education.

Special Education
Utah State Office of Education, Special Education Services with links to state policies, services, manuals, and other resources.

IDEA
Official U.S. Department of Education description of IDEA Part B (ages 3-21) and Part C (ages birth-3).

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Authors

Author:

Lisa Samson-Fang MD, 10/2008

Content Last Updated:

6/2011